THE Z TRANSFORM

The Z-transform is a mathematical transformation used in the field of digital signal processing (DSP) and discrete-time systems analysis. It is analogous to the Laplace transform in continuous-time systems analysis. The Z-transform converts a discrete-time

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ETHERCAT

EtherCAT (Ethernet for Control Automation Technology) is an Ethernet-based fieldbus system invented by Beckhoff Automation. The protocol is standardized in IEC 61158 and is suitable for both hard and soft real-time computing requirements in automation technology. The goal during development of EtherCAT was to

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PROFINET

PROFINET is an open Industrial Ethernet solution based on international standards. It is a communication protocol designed to exchange data between controllers and devices in an automation setting. It was introduced in the early 2000s

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